1. Poor sanitation/hygiene
Ex.) Going to the bathroom and not washing your hands, and then going to prepare a meal.
COUTION: Admittance to Authorized Personnel Only
Friday, October 28, 2011
Treatment
Typhoid Fever is a treatable disease but at the same time the death rate is high. Worldwide there were 13million and 500,000 people died. So far this year about 20% of Americans died from typhoid fever so far. Typhoid Fever can be treated with antibiotics; within 2days you should see improvement, up to 7 to 10 days of taking the antibiotics, then you will start to recover. “Typhoid Fever is treated with antibiotics that kill the salmonella bacteria. Prior to the use of antibiotics the fatality rate was 20%.” (Typhoid Fever, Med.) Carriers can also be treated with prolonged along with the antibiotics. To free yourself of typhoid fever doctors will have to remove your gallbladder. Most people will disagree with someone that says removing your gallbladder is not the safest way to go about. In the mean while cold sponge baths are remained to lower your high temperature along with plenty of liquids to avoid dehydration. “Treatment for typhoid includes cold sponge baths to lower the fever and plenty of liquids to avoid dehydration: antibiotics, such as chloramphenicol.” (Typhoid Fever, (2))
Areas where typhoid fever occurs or might occur next
Typhoid Fever is mostly a worldwide disease that can occur in young or older people. This disease has been spotted in the United States, Canada, Australia, and Japan. “In the United States about 400 cases occur each year, and 75% of these are acquired while traveling internationally.” (CDC2, Typhoid Fever .) However, the disease is around in 3rd world countries where the sanitation is poor. 70% of people infected with typhoid fever come from international traveling and 67-100% is females. The handful of people infected is Hispanic ethnicity, and majority of them are 21. It has been showed that typhoid fever can infect ages between 4 and 31. “Typhoid Fever is still common in the developing world, where it affects about 21.5 million persons each year.”(CDC2, Typhoid Fever.)
Description and Symptoms of Typhoid Fever
Typhoid Fever is caused by a bacterium called Salmonella Typhi. Once this deadly bacterium enters your blood steam it is all downhill from there. About 3% of individuals affected by Typhoid Fever will recover; in many cases people are cleared as healthy. This allows 3%-5% of healthy individuals to act as carriers and infect those with weak immune systems. “About 3%-5% of patients become carriers of the bacteria after the acute illness.” (Typhoid Fever, Med.) Worldwide there have been 16million cases reported to health care providers. Most of the cases show that the patients traveled to countries where sanitation is not common. Salmonella Typhi is able to survive ingestion by the phagocytes and then multiply. 10% of the patients infected will show signs of relapses and start from point a. People infected by Salmonella Typhi at 1st, will show signs of flu symptoms like: fever, mild abdominal pain, and headache. Then the symptoms start to increase, and patients will start to experience a poor appetite, generalized aches and pains, lethargy, intestinal bleeding or perforation.So patients show symptoms like: diarrhea or constipation, meningitis, and a fever that higher than 100, but lower than 140, and this will last about 3-4 weeks. If Salmonella is not treated right away symptoms become worse. “Carriers of S.Typhi must be treated even when they do not show any symptoms of the infection, because carriers are responsible for the majority of new cases of Typhoid Fever.” (Typhoid fever.)
Works Cited (MLA Citations)
Shanaya Goldsmith
Research 10
Ms. Savdo
10/6/11
“Typhoid Fever, Part A1.” The Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine. 2006. Gale Science in Context. 10/4/2011.
“Typhoid Fever, 2.” World of health. 2007. Gale Science in Context. 10/5/2011.
“Typhoid Fever, Part B3.” The Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine. 1999. Gale Science in Context. 10/4/2011.
Ballingit, Moriah. “Chatham student being treated for typhoid fever.” Post-Gazette. Sept.20.2011.
Pittsburgh Post Gazette. 10/3/2011. http://www.post-gazette.com/ .
“Investigation Update: Multistate Outbreak of Human Typhoid Fever Infections Associated with Frozen
Mamey Fruit Pulp.” CDC. Aug/ 20/2010. CDC Safer Healthier People. 10/5/2011.
“Typhoid Fever, CDC information.” CDC. Oct/5/2010. CDC Safer Healthier People. 10/5/2011.
Rosenberg, Jennifer. “Typhoid Mary.” About.com. 20th Century History. 10/4/2011.
Balentine, R. Jerry and Jr. Shiel, C. William. “Typhoid Fever, Facts.” Medicine Net. 2005.
MedicineNet.com. 10/5/2011. http://www.medicinenet.com/ .
“Typhoid Fever, diseases.” Aarogya. 2011. Aarogya.com.
History of Typhoid Fever
"Typhoid fever has harassed mankind since the beginning of civilization. In 1998, an article in the New England Journal of Medicine suggested that the death of Alexander the Great at the age of 32 on 13 June 323 CE was caused by typhoid rather than poison or malaria. Researchers at the University of Maryland's School of Medicine argued that Alexander's symptoms- sharp abdominal pain, chills, and steadily rising fever- matched the symptoms of typhoid fever. Historical accounts suggested that Alexander's body did not deteriorate for several days following his death. Although the tale was possibly exaggerated, the event could be explained by ascending paralysis, a complication of typhoid, which causes slow paralysis from the feet up. A body may seem dead as the paralysis develops before he actually died. Other scholars have suggested that West Nile Virus was the disease that killed Alexander.
Prince Albert, the Consort of Queen Victoria, contracted typhoid fever and died four weeks later in December 1861. During his illness, he experienced intermittent but increasingly more severe fevers that led to delirium, a worsening cough, and salmon-colored skin lesions on his torso. The son of Albert and Victoria, Edward, also died of typhoid.
Typhoid fever had always threatened densely population areas with inadequate sanitation. In the settlement of Jamestown, Virginia, the first permanent English settlement in North America, outbreaks pf typhoid fever was a constant threat to survival. Between 1607 when the colony was founded and 1624, at least 6,000 settlers died from typhoid fever. By 1623, only 4,500 inhabited the settlement. During the Spanish American War in 1898, typhoid fever raged through the armies. 82% of all sick soldiers suffered from typhoid, which also accounted for 87% of total deaths from disease. During the South African War (1899-1902), the British lost more to typhoid (13,000 soldiers) than those that died due to battle (8,000 soldier).
The Salmonella typhi bacteria were first described by Karl Joseph Eberth, a German bacteriologist, in 1880. Eberth found the bacteria in the spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes of a patient who died of typhoid fever. Robert Koch had also observed and recorded the bacilli. In 1884, Georg Theodor August Gaffky, another German bacteriologist who worked under Robert Koch, confirmed the Salmonella typhi bacteria as the causal agent of typhoid. At first the bacterium was called Eberth Bacillus. In 1896, the British pathologist Sir Almroth Wright and his team developed the first vaccine of heat-denatured whole-cell typhoid bacilli. During World War I, British troops were immunized and largely escaped the disease."
http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/intro/bio-typhoid.htm
Prince Albert, the Consort of Queen Victoria, contracted typhoid fever and died four weeks later in December 1861. During his illness, he experienced intermittent but increasingly more severe fevers that led to delirium, a worsening cough, and salmon-colored skin lesions on his torso. The son of Albert and Victoria, Edward, also died of typhoid.
Typhoid fever had always threatened densely population areas with inadequate sanitation. In the settlement of Jamestown, Virginia, the first permanent English settlement in North America, outbreaks pf typhoid fever was a constant threat to survival. Between 1607 when the colony was founded and 1624, at least 6,000 settlers died from typhoid fever. By 1623, only 4,500 inhabited the settlement. During the Spanish American War in 1898, typhoid fever raged through the armies. 82% of all sick soldiers suffered from typhoid, which also accounted for 87% of total deaths from disease. During the South African War (1899-1902), the British lost more to typhoid (13,000 soldiers) than those that died due to battle (8,000 soldier).
The Salmonella typhi bacteria were first described by Karl Joseph Eberth, a German bacteriologist, in 1880. Eberth found the bacteria in the spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes of a patient who died of typhoid fever. Robert Koch had also observed and recorded the bacilli. In 1884, Georg Theodor August Gaffky, another German bacteriologist who worked under Robert Koch, confirmed the Salmonella typhi bacteria as the causal agent of typhoid. At first the bacterium was called Eberth Bacillus. In 1896, the British pathologist Sir Almroth Wright and his team developed the first vaccine of heat-denatured whole-cell typhoid bacilli. During World War I, British troops were immunized and largely escaped the disease."
http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/intro/bio-typhoid.htm
Famous victims
"Lizzie van Zyl was a child inmate in a British-run concentration camp in South Africa who died from typhoid fever during the Boer War (1899–1902).
- Baiju Bawra aka (Baijnath Prasad or Baijnath Mishra), the great Indian singer, musician died of typhoid at the age of 71 on the eve of the Indian festival, Basant Panchami in Vikram Samvat 1670 (1613 CE).
- Hashimoto Hakaru, discoverer Of Autoimmune Thyroiditis Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Died on January 9, 1934, of typhoid fever.
- Mary Mallon, more commonly known as Typhoid Mary, survived a childhood episode in Ireland to become an asymptomatic carrier in the United States.
- Abigail Adams, second First Lady of the United States, wife of John Adams, died of typhoid fever on October 28, 1818.
- Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, British prince consort, Queen Victoria's husband, died of typhoid Fever on 14 December 1861.
- Edward VII survived.
- Joseph Smith, founder of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints Latter Day Saint movement, contracted typhoid as a child, survived.
- Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales
- Princess Victoria of Hesse and by Rhine survived.
- Princess Leopoldina of Brazil, Emperor Pedro II of Brazil's daughter, died of typhoid Fever on 7 February 1871.
- Tadeusz Kosciuszko, hero of the American Revolution and Polish patriot leader, died of typhoid Fever in Switzerland, 1817.
- Louisa May Alcott, author of Little Women, records contracting it in Hospital Sketches.
- Charles Darwin, naturalist, during his visit to Chile with HMS Beagle in 1835.
- Ignacio Zaragoza, Mexican general and Cinco de Mayo hero. Died of typhoid fever in less than 5 months of his famous victory over the French army in Puebla on September 8, 1862.
- Urilla Sutherland Earp, first wife of Marshall Wyatt Earp, probably died of Typhoid Fever in or around 1870 in Lamar Township, Missouri.
- Eugenia Tadolini, a celebrated Italian soprano, died of the disease in Paris in 1872.
- Leland Stanford Jr. died of typhoid in 1884; his parents founded Stanford University in his memory.
- William Wallace Lincoln, third son of Abraham Lincoln, the 16th President of the United States, died February 20, 1862 of typhoid fever.
- Mary Todd Lincoln, wife of Abraham Lincoln.
- Thoby Stephen, elder brother of novelist Virginia Woolf, died of typhoid fever in 1906 at age 26. The deaths of Woolf's characters, Jacob in Jacob's Room and Percival in The Waves, are based on Thoby's.
- Wilbur Wright, one of the famous Wright Brothers. Died May 30, 1912 of typhoid fever.
- Frank McCourt, author of Angela's Ashes. In his memoir, he details nearly dying of the disease in 1940 as a ten-year-old in Limerick, Ireland, and his ensuing 4-month-long hospital stay.
- Stephen Douglas, politician and 1860 presidential runner-up.
- Dr HJH 'Tup' Scott, captain of the 1886 Australian cricket team that toured England, died of typhoid in 1910.[27]
- Arnold Bennett, English novelist, died in 1931 of typhoid, two months after drinking a glass of water in a Paris Hotel to prove it was safe.[28]
- Raymond Radiguet, French literary prodigy, died of typhoid at age 20 while on a trip with his mentor, Jean Cocteau.
- Keshav Baliram Hedgewar, founder and first Sarsanghchalak of Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh, died of typhoid at age 51 on 1940/06/21.
- Gerard Manley Hopkins, Jesuit and poet.
- Ralph Rose, three-time Olympic champion and six-time medalist in throwing events, died of typhoid on October 16, 1913 at age 28.
- Roger Sherman, a Founding Father of the United States of America.
- Georgia O'Keeffe, a famous painter, survived
- Ravi Shankar, musician, survived[29]
- Tsar Nicholas II of Russia had typhoid in 1900, survived.
- Heath Bell, Relief Pitcher San Diego Padres acquired on 2010 trip to Fiji, survived.[30 "
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